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+++ Testosterone and harem maintenance in flying-foxes +++ Males of many vertebrate species aggressively monopolize females, gathering harems during the breeding season. We studied levels of testosterone, a hormone involved in mediation of aggression, in relation to harem maintenance in endangered Australian grey-headed flying-foxes, Pteropus poliocephalus, in the wild. Testosterone was linked to successful harem maintenance. During the mating period, males with higher T performed better in reacquiring a harem after an experimental challenge. Our findings highlight a role of T in harem maintenance in a major mammalian taxon with complex forms of social organization. +++ (in press, 2009)